Environmental Impact of Large LEO Satellite Constellations

This technical report examines the environmental impacts associated with large low-Earth orbit (LEO) satellite constellations. It outlines significant challenges such as increased risks of orbital collisions, stratospheric pollution from rocket exhaust, and disruptions to cultural practices and astronomy due to light pollution. The report presents models that analyze the atmospheric effects of rocket emissions, debris generation, and impacts on night sky visibility. It discusses design trade-offs for mitigating environmental harm, including satellite end-of-life disposal strategies and optimal deployment altitudes. The findings aim to contribute to the development of sustainable LEO satellite systems, addressing the growing demand for satellite-based services while promoting responsible space utilization. The report also details the atmospheric impact of satellite launches, the risks posed by space debris, and the implications for optical astronomy and cultural practices. Overall, it emphasizes the need for strategies that minimize environmental impact in the context of expanding satellite constellations.